Influência do polipirrol e dos níveis de salinidade na formação de biofilme em Aeromonas spp / Influence of polypyrrole and salinity levels on biofilm formation in Aeromonas spp

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas são patógenos altamente disseminados no ambiente aquático, responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas na piscicultura de diversos países. São micro-organismos oportunistas e sua patogenicidade está ligada a alguns fatores de virulência, como a formação de biofilme. O estresse salino é um dos fatores que favorecem a formação dessas colônias e, consequentemente, o aumento de infecções. Essas infecções quando estão associadas ao biofilme são ainda mais resistentes aos antimicrobianos. Nesse contexto, o polipirrol destaca-se como uma alternativa antimicrobiana por possuir vários atributos terapêuticos e não apresentar toxicidade aos organismos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade e a capacidade de formação de biofilme dos isolados de Aeromonas spp. associados aos diferentes níveis de salinidade e polipirrol. Determinou-se a atividade antibacteriana dos isolados e ensaios de motilidade foram realizados com bactérias que carreavam o gene fla. Também verificou-se a capacidade do cloreto de sódio e polipirrol em interferir na formação do biofilme. Os resultados foram evidenciados com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As concentrações de 2 e 3% de NaCl inibiram a motilidade bacteriana. Na formação do biofilme, 83% dos isolados bacterianos induziram a produção na concentração de 0,25%. O polipirrol causou a morte de todos os isolados testados na concentração de 125μg/mL. Além disso, esse composto diminuiu a motilidade bacteriana nas concentrações de 0,25 a 3%, sendo que em relação à produção de biofilme, não houve interferência. Esses resultados evidenciam que os diferentes níveis de NaCl influenciam na formação do biofilme favorecendo a persistência da infecção. Este estudo também realçou a potencialidade do polipirrol como agente bactericida, sendo uma alternativa eficaz às drogas antimicrobianas para o tratamento das infecções causadas por Aeromonas spp.(AU)

Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are highly disseminated pathogens in the aquatic environment, responsible for great economic losses in the pisciculture of several countries. They are opportunistic microorganisms and their pathogenicity is linked to some virulence factors, such as biofilm formation. Saline stress is one of the factors that favor the formation of these colonies and, consequently, the increase of infections. These infections, when associated with biofilm, are even more resistant to antimicrobials. In this context, polypyrrole stands out as an antimicrobial alternative because it has several therapeutic attributes and does not present toxicity to organisms. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility profile and the biofilm formation capacity of Aeromonas spp. associated with different levels of salinity and polypyrrole. The antibacterial activity of the isolates was determined and motility assays were performed with bacteria bearing the fla gene. The ability of sodium chloride and polypyrrole to interfere with biofilm formation has also been demonstrated. The results were evidenced with scanning electron microscopy. Concentrations of 2 and 3% of NaCl inhibited bacterial motility. In the biofilm formation, 83% of the bacterial isolates induced production at the concentration of 0.25%. Polypyrrole caused the death of all the isolates tested at the concentration of 125μg/mL. In addition, this compound decreased bacterial motility at concentrations of 0.25 to 3%, and no biofilm was produced. These results show that the different levels of NaCl influence in the formation of the biofilm favoring the persistence of the infection. This study also highlighted the potential of polypyrrole as a bactericidal agent, being an effective alternative to antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infections caused by Aeromonas spp.(AU)

Novel HPLC method for statins in their dosage forms

The statins form a class of hypolipidemic drugs used to lower cholesterol in people with or at risk of Coronary Heart Diseases [CHD] through inhibitionof 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGutaryl-coenzyme A [HMC-CoA] reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Aorvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin are commonly marketed statins. Previous studies involved estimation of statins either separately or in combination only through gradient elution. The novelty in the present study involved the use of a reversed phase HPLC C[18] column in one isocratic run through hydrolysis into the hydroxyacids of the mixture components via pH gradient vehicle. The study develops rapid, precise, accurate and reproducible method to determine these statins in a mixture and in their dosage forms. The method was validated over a wide concentration range [0.08 micro g to 3.2 micro g], its repeatability was ascertained and the applicability is confirmed

Simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and ramipril by RP-HPLC and spectroscopy

A number of analytical methods were reported for the estimation of atorvastatin and ramipril from their individual dosage forms or in combination with other drugs [Valiyare, 2004; Vachareau and Neirinck, 2000]. Here successful reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method and spectroscopic methods developed then validated for the analysis of combined dosage form of atorvastatin and ramipril. Individual beta-max for atorvastatin is 247 n.m and that of ramipril is 208 n.m. They intercept at 215 n.m which is fixed as wavelength for reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method

Synthesis and spectral studies of 3-benzoyl-1, 2-dimethyl-5- [5-aryl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl] pyrrole

It has been reported that 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride condense with benzoylacetone to afford either 1 or 2 and it was shown tentatively [1] that structure 1 was the obtained one and this was confirmed earlier by us[2] as well as the work performed in our laboratory[3-6]

Melanins and lens pigments: a comparative study

Based on previous findings that lens pigments and melanins share many physicochemical properties, human lens pigments and natural (hair) and synthetic melanins were submitted to oxidation with permanganate under strong acidic conditions. This procedure has been utilized for the characterization of melanins and results in the well defined products, thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), which can be quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PTCA is regarded as a marker of black eumelanins and was therefore a main component of synthetic DOPA-eumelanin and dark hair. Its identity was established by synthesis from 5-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid. TDCA derives from pheomelanins and was therefore an important component of red hair and synthetic GSH-pheomelanin. TDCA was identified by its retention time relative to PTCA. The analysis of a series of cataract digests of increasing pigmentation (type I < type IV < type V) and a purified fraction of lens pigments (DE52 pigment) revealed the presence in these preparations of both PTCA and TDCA. The concentration of TDCA significantly increased with the degree of pigmentation of the digests and reached a maximum in the DE52 pigment. The TDCA/PTCA ratio was high in the lens preparations and comparable to that given by hair pheomelanin. These findings support that pheomelanin is an integral part of lens pigments. By comparing the yields of TDCA in GSH-pheomelanin and in the purified lens pigment, a 9 per cent contribution of pheomelanin to the lens pigment was estimated